MOTS-c vs SS-31: two approaches to mitochondrial research
Updated: October 8, 2026
Both are peptides studied in relation to the mitochondrion, but by different routes: MOTS-c acts as a metabolic signal and SS-31 binds a lipid of the mitochondrial membrane.
Origin
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA (12S rRNA gene). SS-31, also called elamipretide, is a synthetic tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2).
Studied mechanism
- MOTS-c: in cell and mouse models it acts on the folate–methionine cycle, activates AMPK and, under stress, moves to the nucleus.
- SS-31: binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and in preclinical models helps preserve cristae structure.
Typical models
- MOTS-c: high-fat-diet rodents, exercise response and ageing.
- SS-31: ischaemia–reperfusion, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in heart, muscle and kidney.
State of the evidence
MOTS-c is a young field with mostly preclinical data. SS-31 has been evaluated in clinical trials by a pharmaceutical developer, with mixed results. Neither is an approved medicine for the material sold here, which is for research use only.